时尚的外形、百公里加速3.2秒、续航440公里,这些都是特斯拉Model S作为一款纯电动汽车所展示给人们的数据。Model S之所以能够拥有不逊于传统燃油车的性能表现,除了电动机技术之外,还要得益于特斯拉先进的电池技术。
那么,特斯拉到底在电动车最核心技术之一的电池组研发方面有何独特建树呢?据介绍,Model S的电池板总重高达900公斤,被放置在驾驶舱正下方的底盘当中,在为电动机提供能量的同时,也起到了稳定车辆重心的作用。
这不,国外牛人就将一辆Model S的电池板给拆开了,一探究竟。
下面这个视频就是拆解过程
视频占时9分钟,也可弃视频看文字
↓↓
友情提示,建议在wifi下欣赏,留着流量学知识!
1、电池外观
国外牛人直接给我们展示电池组。电池组安放前后轴之间的底盘位置,其重量可达900公斤。因此造成底盘重心较低,非常利于车辆的高速稳定性。电池组几乎占据车辆底盘的全部,但电池组并没有作为承受力的主体,电池组有加强筋和受力框架保护,大大减低碰撞时的爆炸危险。
电池组整体有标明其身份的铭牌,其中标明了其容量为85kWh,400V直流电,简单来说电池可以装85度电,可供一个普通家庭使用一个月。
2、拆解电池板及连接细节
电池组表面不仅有塑料膜保护着,而且塑料膜下面还有防火材料的护板。护板下面才是电池组。护板通过螺栓与电池组框架连接,并且连接处充满了密封粘合剂。外观来看电池组保护的不错。
特斯拉Model S电池组板看似非常高大上。其电池组板由16组电池组串联而成,并且每组电池组由444节锂电池,每74节并联形成。因此特斯拉Model S电池组板由7104节18650锂电池组成。
总保险丝位于电池版的前端,并且有外壳保护以防受到撞击。其采用德国Bussmann巴斯曼,额定工作电流为630A,额定电压为690V,分断电流700-200kA,在全球化趋势下该保险丝在印度制造。市场价格在600元左右。
电池板中的16块电池组均衡平铺在壳体上,整体结构紧凑,平铺有利于散热。每一组电池组由六组单体电池包串联而成,但单体电池包的布置并没有采用均衡布置,而是采用不规则的结果,猜测是为了方便电池组内的散热管路布置。
测量了整个电池板的电压为313.8V,单体电池组电压为196.3V。显然这块电池并没有达到额定的输出电压,可能电池电量并不充足所导致。
电池组内每一节电池都有保险丝链接着,以防单节电池过热危及整体电池过热,并且每节电池保险丝焊接非常精美。电池组中央有线连接到电池控制模块,这些线用来检测电池组的电压,从而保证电池组正常工作。
电池组整体由透明塑料壳包裹住,两侧有金属散热护板包围。电池厚度比脚掌稍稍厚些,属于扁长型电池组,从而导致车辆重心可大大降低。总体电池组保护的相当不错。
18650锂电池即普通笔记本电脑的锂电池,众多18650锂电池组成单体电池包,再由电池包组成电池组,并由16组电池组构成电池板。看似简单,但实际需要解决很多连接和散热的问题。
每一组电池组都由一条2/0主线串联起来,主线位于电池板中央,并且有护板覆盖着,较为隐蔽。2/0主线汇集电流后将连接到输出端的接触器。接触器采用泰科电子专门为特斯拉生产的部件。
电池板中央有一条2/0主线,每组电池组都通过该主线串联输出电流,因此2/0主线尤其重要。特斯拉采用美国Champlain的专门为电动车生产的线缆,其最高可承受600V电压,并且可在-70°-150°之间工作。2/0主线保护的相当不错,不仅有护板保护,而且还有防火材料包裹。这一点可猜测其工作时有可能产生高温。
3、电池热管理系统拆解
电池板内除了电池组外,最多都是“冷却液”管路。每组电池都需要通入一定量的“冷却液”。虽然“冷却液”并没有泵驱动主动流动,但整个电池板所有管路都是相通的,“冷却液”可热胀冷缩进行一定范围流动。
“冷却液”呈绿色,由50%的水和50%的乙二醇混合而成。“冷却液”配合着铝管使用主要是为了保持电池温度的均衡,防止电池局部温度过高导致电池性能下降。特斯拉的电池热管理系统可将电池组之间的温度控制在±2℃。控制好电池板的温度可延长电池的使用寿命。
4、电池管理系统
电池管理系统(Battery Management System 简称BMS)是对电池组进行安全监控及有效管理、提高蓄电池使用效率的装置。对电动车而言,通过该系统对电池组充放电的有效控制,可达到增加续航里程、延长使用寿命、降低运行成本的目的,并保证电池组应用的安全和可靠性。
电池管理系统主要功能包括数据采集、电池状态计算、能量管理、热管理、安全管理、均衡控制和通信功能等。从电路图上可看到,电池管理系统为特斯拉自行研发,拥有高度的知识产权的核心技术。该系统能自行处理充放电以及发热问题。相信国内厂商较难山寨出来。
5、总结
这次国外牛人自行拆解特斯拉Model S让我们了解更多细节。18650的数量决定于电池板的总容量;铝管与“冷却液”配合使得电池发热更加均衡;还有电池管理系统BMS复杂的处理使得电池完美充放电。
总得来说,Model S电池保护的相当不错,内部结构设计得恰当好,电池管理系统也相当细致。相信国内自主品牌想山寨有不少困难
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); BACKGROUND-REPEAT: no-repeat; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(238,237,235) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-POSITION: 50% 50%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(238,237,235) 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; VISIBILITY: visible !important; WIDTH: 390px !important; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,237,235); background-size: 22px" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" width=390 height=260 data-w="390" data-ratio="0.6666666666666666" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/DE8psCkKsq4HcbQ7u1gC88uEKEjPyBvUSPlBaCxtwDn6CdoY9l7e4cTuoO5gpdTtndico18bXEoPKSibyGYII0ZQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" _width="auto">
电池组整体由透明塑料壳包裹住,两侧有金属散热护板包围。电池厚度比脚掌稍稍厚些,属于扁长型电池组,从而导致车辆重心可大大降低。总体电池组保护的相当不错。
18650锂电池即普通笔记本电脑的锂电池,众多18650锂电池组成单体电池包,再由电池包组成电池组,并由16组电池组构成电池板。看似简单,但实际需要解决很多连接和散热的问题。
每一组电池组都由一条2/0主线串联起来,主线位于电池板中央,并且有护板覆盖着,较为隐蔽。2/0主线汇集电流后将连接到输出端的接触器。接触器采用泰科电子专门为特斯拉生产的部件。
电池板中央有一条2/0主线,每组电池组都通过该主线串联输出电流,因此2/0主线尤其重要。特斯拉采用美国Champlain的专门为电动车生产的线缆,其最高可承受600V电压,并且可在-70°-150°之间工作。2/0主线保护的相当不错,不仅有护板保护,而且还有防火材料包裹。这一点可猜测其工作时有可能产生高温。
3、电池热管理系统拆解
电池板内除了电池组外,最多都是“冷却液”管路。每组电池都需要通入一定量的“冷却液”。虽然“冷却液”并没有泵驱动主动流动,但整个电池板所有管路都是相通的,“冷却液”可热胀冷缩进行一定范围流动。
“冷却液”呈绿色,由50%的水和50%的乙二醇混合而成。“冷却液”配合着铝管使用主要是为了保持电池温度的均衡,防止电池局部温度过高导致电池性能下降。特斯拉的电池热管理系统可将电池组之间的温度控制在±2℃。控制好电池板的温度可延长电池的使用寿命。
4、电池管理系统
电池管理系统(Battery Management System 简称BMS)是对电池组进行安全监控及有效管理、提高蓄电池使用效率的装置。对电动车而言,通过该系统对电池组充放电的有效控制,可达到增加续航里程、延长使用寿命、降低运行成本的目的,并保证电池组应用的安全和可靠性。
电池管理系统主要功能包括数据采集、电池状态计算、能量管理、热管理、安全管理、均衡控制和通信功能等。从电路图上可看到,电池管理系统为特斯拉自行研发,拥有高度的知识产权的核心技术。该系统能自行处理充放电以及发热问题。相信国内厂商较难山寨出来。
5、总结
这次国外牛人自行拆解特斯拉Model S让我们了解更多细节。18650的数量决定于电池板的总容量;铝管与“冷却液”配合使得电池发热更加均衡;还有电池管理系统BMS复杂的处理使得电池完美充放电。
总得来说,Model S电池保护的相当不错,内部结构设计得恰当好,电池管理系统也相当细致。相信国内自主品牌想山寨有不少困难